Using Openssl To Create Keys For Mac

1. Using Openssl To Create Keys For Mac Catalina
2. How To Use Openssl On Mac
3. Using Openssl To Create Keys For Mac Windows 10
4. Openssl To Create Private Key

The openssl program provides a rich variety of commands, each of which often has a wealth of options and arguments. Many commands use an external configuration file for some or all of their arguments and have a -config option to specify that file. The environment variable OPENSSL_CONF can be used to specify the location of the configuration file. If the environment variable is not specified, a default file is created in the default certificate storage area called openssl.cnf. The settings in this default configuration file depend on the flags set when the version of OpenSSL being used was built.

How to generate RSA and EC keys with OpenSSL. How to generate keys in PEM format using the OpenSSL command line tools? The JOSE standard recommends a minimum RSA key size of 2048 bits. To generate a 2048-bit RSA private + public key pair for use in RSxxx and PSxxx signatures: openssl genrsa 2048 -out rsa-2048bit-key-pair.pem Elliptic. The last step in the process is to sign the request using a private key. In this example we are signing the certificate request with the same key that was used to create it. That's why it earns the name 'self-signed'. # Sign the certificate signing request openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in signreq.csr -signkey privkey.pem -out certificate.pem.

This article is an overview of the available tools provided by openssl. For all of the details on usage and implementation, you can find the manpages which are automatically generated from the source code at the official OpenSSL project home. Likewise, the source code itself may be found on the OpenSSL project home page, as well as on the OpenSSL Github. The main OpenSSL site also includes an overview of the command-line utilities, as well as links to all of their respective documentation.

• 2Basic Tasks
  • 2.5Generating Keys Based on Elliptic Curves
    • 2.5.1Generating the Curve Parameters
• 3Commands

The entry point for the OpenSSL library is the openssl binary, usually /usr/bin/openssl on Linux. The general syntax for calling openssl is as follows:

Alternatively, you can call openssl without arguments to enter the interactive mode prompt. You may then enter commands directly, exiting with either a quit command or by issuing a termination signal with either Ctrl+C or Ctrl+D. The following is a sample interactive session in which the user invokes the prime command twice before using the quit command to terminate the session.

This section is a brief tutorial on performing the most basic tasks using OpenSSL. For a detailed explanation of the rationale behind the syntax and semantics of the commands shown here, see the section on Commands.

Getting Help[edit]

As mentioned previously, the general syntax of a command is openssl command [ command_options ] [ command_arguments ]. The help command is no different, but it does have its idiosyncrasies. To view the top-level help menu, you can call openssl as follows.

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This query will print all of the available commands, like so:

Note the above output was truncated, so only the first four lines of output are shown.

A help menu for each command may be requested in two different ways. First, the same command used above may be repeated, followed by the name of the command to print help for.

The program will then display the valid options for the given command.

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The second way of requesting the help menu for a particular command is by using the first option in the output shown above, namely openssl command -help. Both commands will yield the same output; the help menu displayed will be exactly the same.

For additional information on the usage of a particular command, the project manpages are a great source of information. Another excellent source of information is the project perldocs. perldoc is a utility included with most if not all Perl distributions, and it's capable of displaying documentation information in a variety of formats, one of which is as manpages. Not surprisingly, the project documentation is generated from the pod files located in the doc directory of the source code.

Getting Library Version Information[edit]

As mentioned above, the version command's help menu may be queried for additional options like so:

Using the -a option to show all version information yields the following output on my current machine:

Generating an RSA Private Key[edit]

Using Openssl To Create Keys For Mac Catalina

Generating a private key can be done in a variety of different ways depending on the type of key, algorithm, bits, and other options your specific use case may require. In this example, we are generating a private key using RSA and a key size of 2048 bits.

To generate a password protected private key, the previous command may be slightly amended as follows:

The addition of the -aes256 option specifies the cipher to use to encrypt the private key file. For a list of available ciphers in the library, you can run the following command:

With your private key in hand, you can use the following command to see the key's details, such as its modulus and its constituent primes. Remember to change the name of the input file to the file name of your private key.

The above command yields the following output in my specific case. Your output will differ but should be structurally similar.

Keep in mind the above key was generated solely for pedagogical purposes; never give anyone access to your private keys.

Generating a Public Key[edit]

Having previously generated your private key, you may generate the corresponding public key using the following command.

You may once again view the key details, using a slightly different command this time.

The output for the public key will be shorter, as it carries much less information, and it will look something like this.

For more information on generating keys, see the source code documentation, located in the doc/HOWTO/keys.txt file.

Generating Keys Based on Elliptic Curves[edit]

There are essentially two steps to generating a key:

1. Generate the parameters for the specific curve you are using
2. Use those parameters to generate the key

To see the list of curves instrinsically supported by openssl, you can use the -list_curves option when calling the ecparam command.

For this example I will use the prime256v1 curve, which is an X9.62/SECG curve over a 256 bit prime field.

Generating the Curve Parameters[edit]

Having selected our curve, we now call ecparam to generate our parameters file.

Printing Parameters to Standard Out[edit]

You can print the generated curve parameters to the terminal output with the following command:

Printing Parameters as C Code[edit]

Analogously, you may also output the generated curve parameters as C code. The parameters can then be loaded by calling the get_ec_group_XXX() function. To print the C code to the current terminal's output, the following command may be used:

And here are the first few lines of the corresponding output:

Generating the Key[edit]

With the curve parameters in hand, we are now free to generate the key. Just as with the [#Generating an RSA Private Key|RSA] example above, we may optionally specify a cipher algorithm with which to encrypt the private key. The call to generate the key using the elliptic curve parameters generated in the example above looks like this:

Putting it All Together[edit]

The process of generation a curve based on elliptic-curves can be streamlined by calling the genpkey command directly and specifying both the algorithm and the name of the curve to use for parameter generation. In it's simplest form, the command to generate a key based on the same curve as in the example above looks like this:

This command will result in the generated key being printed to the terminal's output.

Remember that you can specify a cipher algorithm to encrypt the key with, which something you may or may not want to do, depending on your specific use case. Here is a slightly more complete example showing a key generated with a password and written to a specific output file.

Just as with the previous example, you can use the pkey command to inspect your newly-generated key.

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For more details on elliptic curve cryptography or key generation, check out the manpages.

Base64 Encoding Strings[edit]

For simple string encoding, you can use 'here string' syntax with the base64 command as below. Intuitively, the -e flag specifies the action to be encoding.

Similarly, the base64 command's -d flag may be used to indicate decoding mode.

Note: base64 line length is limited to 76 characters by default in openssl (and generated with 64 characters per line).

=> NOTHING!

To be able to decode a base64 line without line feeds that exceeds the default 76 character length restriction use the -A option.

It is recommended to actually split base64 strings into multiple lines of 64 characters, however, since the -A option is buggy, particularly with its handling of long files.

Generating a File Hash[edit]

One of the most basic uses of the dgst command (short for digest) is viewing the hash of a given file. To do this, simply invoke the command with the specified digest algorithm to use. For this example, I will be hashing an arbitrary file on my system using the MD5, SHA1, and SHA384 algorithms.

For a list of the available digest algorithms, you can use the following command.

You can also use a similar command to see the available digest commands:

Below are three sample invocations of the md5, sha1, and sha384 digest commands using the same file as the dgst command invocation above.

File Encryption and Decryption[edit]

The following example demonstrates a simple file encryption and decryption using the enc command. The first argument is the cipher algorithm to use for encrypting the file. For this example I carefully selected the AES-256 algorithm in CBC Mode by looking up the available ciphers and picking out the first one I saw. To see the list of available ciphers, you can use the following command.

You can also use the following command:

Having selected an encryption algorithm, you must then specify whether the action you are taking is either encryption or decryption via the -e or -d flags, respectively. The -iter flag specifies the number of iterations on the password used for deriving the encryption key. A higher iteration count increases the time required to brute-force the resulting file. Using this option implies enabling use of the Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2, usually set using the -pbkdf2 flag. We then use the -salt flag to enable the use of a randomly generated salt in the key-derivation function.

Putting it all together, you can see the command to encrypt a file and the corresponding output below. Note that the passwords entered by the user are blank, just as they would usually be in a terminal session.

The analogous decryption command is as follows:

There are three different kinds of commands. These are standard commands, cipher commands, and digest commands. Calling the OpenSSL top-level help command with no arguments will result in openssl printing all available commands by group, sorted alphabetically.

Standard Commands[edit]

• Paul Heinlein. 'OpenSSL Command-Line HOWTO'. Has many quick cookbook-style recipes for doing common tasks using the 'oppenssl' command-line application.

There are two APIs available to perform sign and verify operations. The first are the older EVP_Sign* and EVP_Verify* functions; and the second are the newer and more flexible EVP_DigestSign* and EVP_DigestVerify* functions. Though the APIs are similar, new applications should use the EVP_DigestSign* and EVP_DigestVerify* functions.

The examples below use the new EVP_DigestSign* and EVP_DigestVerify* functions to demonstarte signing and verification. The first example uses an HMAC, and the second example uses RSA key pairs. Additionally, the code for the examples are available for download.

Note: CMAC is only supported since the version 1.1.0 of OpenSSL.

Note: DSA handling changed for SSL/TLS cipher suites in OpenSSL 1.1.0. For details, see DSA with OpenSSL-1.1 on the mailing list.

• 2HMAC
• 3Asymmetric Key

Overview[edit]

In general, signing a message is a three stage process:

• Initialize the context with a message digest/hash function and EVP_PKEY key
• Add the message data (this step can be repeated as many times as necessary)
• Finalize the context to create the signature

In order to initialize, you first need to select a message digest algorithm (refer to Working with Algorithms and Modes). Second, you need to provide a EVP_PKEY containing a key for an algorithm that supports signing (refer to Working with EVP_PKEYs). Both the digest and the key are provided to EVP_DigestSignInit.

To add the message data, you call EVP_DigestSignUpdate one or more times.

To finalize the operation and retrieve the signature, you call EVP_DigestSignFinal.

In general, verification follows the same steps. The key difference is the finalization:

• Initialize the context with a message digest/hash function and EVP_PKEY key
• Add the message data (this step can be repeated as many times as necessary)
• Finalize the context with the previous signature to verify the message

When finalizing during verification, you add the signature in the call. EVP_DigestVerifyFinal will then perform the validate the signature on the message.

HMAC[edit]

The first example shows how to create an HMAC value of a message with EVP_DigestSignInit, EVP_DigestSignUpdate and EVP_DigestSignFinal. The second part shows how to verify an HMAC value over the message using the same EVP_DigestSign functions. You do not use the EVP_DigestVerify functions to verify.

Note well: you do not use EVP_DigestVerify to verify an HMAC. EVP_DigestVerifyInit will fail with an error 0x608f096: error:0608F096:digital envelope routines:EVP_PKEY_verify_init:operation not supported for this keytype.

Calculating HMAC[edit]

The code below calculates HMAC for a string.

Verifying HMAC[edit]

The code below performs verification of a string using an HMAC.

Asymmetric Key[edit]

The second example shows how to create a signature over a message using private keys with EVP_DigestSignInit, EVP_DigestSignUpdate and EVP_DigestSignFinal. The second example shows how to verify a signature over the message using public keys with EVP_DigestVerifyInit, EVP_DigestVerifyUpdate and EVP_DigestVerifyFinal. Unlike HMACs, you do use the EVP_DigestVerify functions to verify.

How To Use Openssl On Mac

Signing[edit]

Note: There is no difference in the API between signing using an asymmetric algorithm, and calculating a MAC value. In the case of CMAC no message digest function is required (NULL can be passed). Signing using the EVP_Sign* functions is very similar to the above example, except there is no support for MAC values. Note that CMAC is only supported since the version 1.1.0 of OpenSSL.

One gotcha to be aware of is that the first call to EVP_DigestSignFinal simply returns the maximum size of the buffer required. This will not always be the same as the size of the generated signature (specifically in the case of DSA and ECDSA). This means that you should also take account of the value of the length returned on the second call (in the slen variable in this example) when making use of the signature.

Refer to Manual:EVP_DigestSignInit(3) for further details on the EVP_DigestSign* functions, and Manual:EVP_SignInit(3) for the EVP_Sign* functions.

Verifying[edit]

Verifying a message is very similar to signing except the EVP_DigestVerify* functions (or EVP_Verify* functions) are used instead. Clearly only a public key is required for a verify operation:

Note that MAC operations do not support the verify operation. Verifying a MAC value is done by calling the sign operations and confirming that the generated code is identical to the one provided. It is important that when comparing a supplied MAC with an expected MAC that the comparison takes a constant time whether the comparison returns a match or not. Failure to do this can expose your code to timing attacks, which could (for example) enable an attacker to forge MAC codes. To do this use the CRYPTO_memcmp function as shown in the code example below. Never use memcmp for this test:

Refer to Manual:EVP_DigestVerifyInit(3) and Manual:EVP_VerifyInit(3) for further information on the verify functions.

Downloads[edit]

Using Openssl To Create Keys For Mac Windows 10

t-hmac.c.tar.gz - sample program to calculate HMAC and verify a string using an HMAC with the EVP_DigestSign* and EVP_DigestVerify* functions.

t-rsa.c.tar.gz - sample program to sign and verify a string using RSA with the EVP_DigestSign* and EVP_DigestVerify* functions.

See also[edit]

Openssl To Create Private Key